#topical antiseptic

• Abies grandis - A massive species of fir native to the coastal regions of Western North America, commonly known as the grand fir or giant fir. In Native American ethnomedicine and modern pharmacognosy, extracts from its bark and needles are recognized for their rich content of beta-pinene, beta-phellandrene, and limonene, historically utilized as a potent expectorant remedy in chronic pulmonary disorders, as well as a topical antiseptic for disinfecting deep external wounds.